Linux网络编程

Posted on Edited on In

内容有：BS和CS架构模式、IP和端口、网络模型、协议、字节序、IP操作函数、sockaddr数据结构、TCP和UDP简介、TCP通信流程、TCP实现服务器和客户端通信、TCP三次握手、TCP滑动窗口、TCP四次挥手、TCP通信并发、TCP状态转换、半关闭、端口复用、IO多路转接-select、poll、epoll、UDP通信、广播、组播、本地套接字。

1 网络编程基础

2 socket通信基础

2.1 测试本机字节序

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/*  
    字节序：字节在内存中存储的顺序。
    小端字节序：数据的高位字节存储在内存的高位地址，低位字节存储在内存的低位地址
    大端字节序：数据的低位字节存储在内存的高位地址，高位字节存储在内存的低位地址
*/

// 通过代码检测当前主机的字节序
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {

    union {
        short value;    // 2字节
        char bytes[sizeof(short)];  // char[2]
    } test;

    test.value = 0x0102;
    if((test.bytes[0] == 1) && (test.bytes[1] == 2)) {
        printf("大端字节序\n");
    } else if((test.bytes[0] == 2) && (test.bytes[1] == 1)) {
        printf("小端字节序\n");
    } else {
        printf("未知\n");
    }

    return 0;
}

2.2 字节序转换函数

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/*

    网络通信时，需要将主机字节序转换成网络字节序（大端），
    另外一段获取到数据以后根据情况将网络字节序转换成主机字节序。

    // 转换端口
    uint16_t htons(uint16_t hostshort);		// 主机字节序 - 网络字节序
    uint16_t ntohs(uint16_t netshort);		// 主机字节序 - 网络字节序

    // 转IP
    uint32_t htonl(uint32_t hostlong);		// 主机字节序 - 网络字节序
    uint32_t ntohl(uint32_t netlong);		// 主机字节序 - 网络字节序

*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

int main() {

    // htons 转换端口
    unsigned short a = 0x0102;
    printf("a : %x\n", a);
    unsigned short b = htons(a);
    printf("b : %x\n", b);

    printf("=======================\n");

    // htonl  转换IP
    char buf[4] = {192, 168, 1, 100};
    int num = *(int *)buf;
    int sum = htonl(num);
    unsigned char *p = (char *)&sum;

    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", *p, *(p+1), *(p+2), *(p+3));

    printf("=======================\n");

    // ntohl
    unsigned char buf1[4] = {1, 1, 168, 192};
    int num1 = *(int *)buf1;
    int sum1 = ntohl(num1);
    unsigned char *p1 = (unsigned char *)&sum1;
    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", *p1, *(p1+1), *(p1+2), *(p1+3));
    
     // ntohs


    return 0;
}

2.3 IP地址转换函数

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/*
    #include <arpa/inet.h>
    // p:点分十进制的IP字符串，n:表示network，网络字节序的整数
    int inet_pton(int af, const char *src, void *dst);
        af:地址族： AF_INET  AF_INET6
        src:需要转换的点分十进制的IP字符串
        dst:转换后的结果保存在这个里面

    // 将网络字节序的整数，转换成点分十进制的IP地址字符串
    const char *inet_ntop(int af, const void *src, char *dst, socklen_t size);
        af:地址族： AF_INET  AF_INET6
        src: 要转换的ip的整数的地址
        dst: 转换成IP地址字符串保存的地方
        size：第三个参数的大小（数组的大小）
        返回值：返回转换后的数据的地址（字符串），和 dst 是一样的

*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

int main() {

    // 创建一个ip字符串,点分十进制的IP地址字符串
    char buf[] = "192.168.1.4";
    unsigned int num = 0;

    // 将点分十进制的IP字符串转换成网络字节序的整数
    inet_pton(AF_INET, buf, &num);
    unsigned char * p = (unsigned char *)&num;
    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", *p, *(p+1), *(p+2), *(p+3));


    // 将网络字节序的IP整数转换成点分十进制的IP字符串
    char ip[16] = "";
    const char * str =  inet_ntop(AF_INET, &num, ip, 16);
    printf("str : %s\n", str);
    printf("ip : %s\n", str);
    printf("%d\n", ip == str);

    return 0;
}

2.4 TCP通信实现

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// TCP 通信的服务器端

#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {

    // 1.创建socket(用于监听的套接字)
    int lfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);

    if(lfd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 2.绑定
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;
    saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    // inet_pton(AF_INET, "192.168.193.128", saddr.sin_addr.s_addr);
    saddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;  // 0.0.0.0
    saddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    int ret = bind(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));

    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("bind");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 3.监听
    ret = listen(lfd, 8);
    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("listen");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 4.接收客户端连接
    struct sockaddr_in clientaddr;
    int len = sizeof(clientaddr);
    int cfd = accept(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&clientaddr, &len);
    
    if(cfd == -1) {
        perror("accept");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 输出客户端的信息
    char clientIP[16];
    inet_ntop(AF_INET, &clientaddr.sin_addr.s_addr, clientIP, sizeof(clientIP));
    unsigned short clientPort = ntohs(clientaddr.sin_port);
    printf("client ip is %s, port is %d\n", clientIP, clientPort);

    // 5.通信
    char recvBuf[1024] = {0};
    while(1) {
        
        // 获取客户端的数据
        int num = read(cfd, recvBuf, sizeof(recvBuf));
        if(num == -1) {
            perror("read");
            exit(-1);
        } else if(num > 0) {
            printf("recv client data : %s\n", recvBuf);
        } else if(num == 0) {
            // 表示客户端断开连接
            printf("clinet closed...");
            break;
        }

        char * data = "hello,i am server";
        // 给客户端发送数据
        write(cfd, data, strlen(data));
    }
   
    // 关闭文件描述符
    close(cfd);
    close(lfd);

    return 0;
}
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// TCP通信的客户端

#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {

    // 1.创建套接字
    int fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if(fd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 2.连接服务器端
    struct sockaddr_in serveraddr;
    serveraddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    inet_pton(AF_INET, "192.168.193.128", &serveraddr.sin_addr.s_addr);
    serveraddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    int ret = connect(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&serveraddr, sizeof(serveraddr));

    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("connect");
        exit(-1);
    }

    
    // 3. 通信
    char recvBuf[1024] = {0};
    while(1) {

        char * data = "hello,i am client";
        // 给客户端发送数据
        write(fd, data , strlen(data));

        sleep(1);
        
        int len = read(fd, recvBuf, sizeof(recvBuf));
        if(len == -1) {
            perror("read");
            exit(-1);
        } else if(len > 0) {
            printf("recv server data : %s\n", recvBuf);
        } else if(len == 0) {
            // 表示服务器端断开连接
            printf("server closed...");
            break;
        }

    }

    // 关闭连接
    close(fd);

    return 0;
}

2.5 多进程实现并发服务器

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// server

#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <wait.h>
#include <errno.h>

void recyleChild(int arg) {
    while(1) {
        int ret = waitpid(-1, NULL, WNOHANG);
        if(ret == -1) {
            // 所有的子进程都回收了
            break;
        }else if(ret == 0) {
            // 还有子进程活着
            break;
        } else if(ret > 0){
            // 被回收了
            printf("子进程 %d 被回收了\n", ret);
        }
    }
}

int main() {

    struct sigaction act;
    act.sa_flags = 0;
    sigemptyset(&act.sa_mask);
    act.sa_handler = recyleChild;
    // 注册信号捕捉
    sigaction(SIGCHLD, &act, NULL);
    

    // 创建socket
    int lfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if(lfd == -1){
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }

    struct sockaddr_in saddr;
    saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    saddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    saddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;

    // 绑定
    int ret = bind(lfd,(struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));
    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("bind");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 监听
    ret = listen(lfd, 128);
    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("listen");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 不断循环等待客户端连接
    while(1) {

        struct sockaddr_in cliaddr;
        int len = sizeof(cliaddr);
        // 接受连接
        int cfd = accept(lfd, (struct sockaddr*)&cliaddr, &len);
        if(cfd == -1) {
            if(errno == EINTR) {
                continue;
            }
            perror("accept");
            exit(-1);
        }

        // 每一个连接进来，创建一个子进程跟客户端通信
        pid_t pid = fork();
        if(pid == 0) {
            // 子进程
            // 获取客户端的信息
            char cliIp[16];
            inet_ntop(AF_INET, &cliaddr.sin_addr.s_addr, cliIp, sizeof(cliIp));
            unsigned short cliPort = ntohs(cliaddr.sin_port);
            printf("client ip is : %s, prot is %d\n", cliIp, cliPort);

            // 接收客户端发来的数据
            char recvBuf[1024];
            while(1) {
                int len = read(cfd, &recvBuf, sizeof(recvBuf));

                if(len == -1) {
                    perror("read");
                    exit(-1);
                }else if(len > 0) {
                    printf("recv client : %s\n", recvBuf);
                } else if(len == 0) {
                    printf("client closed....\n");
                    break;
                }
                write(cfd, recvBuf, strlen(recvBuf) + 1);
            }
            close(cfd);
            exit(0);    // 退出当前子进程
        }

    }
    close(lfd);
    return 0;
}
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// TCP通信的客户端
#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {

    // 1.创建套接字
    int fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if(fd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 2.连接服务器端
    struct sockaddr_in serveraddr;
    serveraddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    inet_pton(AF_INET, "192.168.193.128", &serveraddr.sin_addr.s_addr);
    serveraddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    int ret = connect(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&serveraddr, sizeof(serveraddr));

    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("connect");
        exit(-1);
    }
    
    // 3. 通信
    char recvBuf[1024];
    int i = 0;
    while(1) {
        
        sprintf(recvBuf, "data : %d\n", i++);
        
        // 给服务器端发送数据
        write(fd, recvBuf, strlen(recvBuf)+1);

        int len = read(fd, recvBuf, sizeof(recvBuf));
        if(len == -1) {
            perror("read");
            exit(-1);
        } else if(len > 0) {
            printf("recv server : %s\n", recvBuf);
        } else if(len == 0) {
            // 表示服务器端断开连接
            printf("server closed...");
            break;
        }

        sleep(1);
    }

    // 关闭连接
    close(fd);

    return 0;
}

2.6 多线程实现并发服务器

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#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <pthread.h>

struct sockInfo {
    int fd; // 通信的文件描述符
    struct sockaddr_in addr;
    pthread_t tid;  // 线程号
};

struct sockInfo sockinfos[128];

void * working(void * arg) {
    // 子线程和客户端通信   cfd 客户端的信息 线程号
    // 获取客户端的信息
    struct sockInfo * pinfo = (struct sockInfo *)arg;

    char cliIp[16];
    inet_ntop(AF_INET, &pinfo->addr.sin_addr.s_addr, cliIp, sizeof(cliIp));
    unsigned short cliPort = ntohs(pinfo->addr.sin_port);
    printf("client ip is : %s, prot is %d\n", cliIp, cliPort);

    // 接收客户端发来的数据
    char recvBuf[1024];
    while(1) {
        int len = read(pinfo->fd, &recvBuf, sizeof(recvBuf));

        if(len == -1) {
            perror("read");
            exit(-1);
        }else if(len > 0) {
            printf("recv client : %s\n", recvBuf);
        } else if(len == 0) {
            printf("client closed....\n");
            break;
        }
        write(pinfo->fd, recvBuf, strlen(recvBuf) + 1);
    }
    close(pinfo->fd);
    return NULL;
}

int main() {

    // 创建socket
    int lfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if(lfd == -1){
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }

    struct sockaddr_in saddr;
    saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    saddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    saddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;

    // 绑定
    int ret = bind(lfd,(struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));
    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("bind");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 监听
    ret = listen(lfd, 128);
    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("listen");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 初始化数据
    int max = sizeof(sockinfos) / sizeof(sockinfos[0]);
    for(int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
        bzero(&sockinfos[i], sizeof(sockinfos[i]));
        sockinfos[i].fd = -1;
        sockinfos[i].tid = -1;
    }

    // 循环等待客户端连接，一旦一个客户端连接进来，就创建一个子线程进行通信
    while(1) {

        struct sockaddr_in cliaddr;
        int len = sizeof(cliaddr);
        // 接受连接
        int cfd = accept(lfd, (struct sockaddr*)&cliaddr, &len);

        struct sockInfo * pinfo;
        for(int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
            // 从这个数组中找到一个可以用的sockInfo元素
            if(sockinfos[i].fd == -1) {
                pinfo = &sockinfos[i];
                break;
            }
            if(i == max - 1) {
                sleep(1);
                i--;
            }
        }

        pinfo->fd = cfd;
        memcpy(&pinfo->addr, &cliaddr, len);

        // 创建子线程
        pthread_create(&pinfo->tid, NULL, working, pinfo);

        pthread_detach(pinfo->tid);
    }

    close(lfd);
    return 0;
}

2.7 端口复用

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// client

#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>

int main() {

    // 创建socket
    int fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if(fd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        return -1;
    }

    struct sockaddr_in seraddr;
    inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &seraddr.sin_addr.s_addr);
    seraddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    seraddr.sin_port = htons(9999);

    // 连接服务器
    int ret = connect(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&seraddr, sizeof(seraddr));

    if(ret == -1){
        perror("connect");
        return -1;
    }

    while(1) {
        char sendBuf[1024] = {0};
        fgets(sendBuf, sizeof(sendBuf), stdin);

        write(fd, sendBuf, strlen(sendBuf) + 1);

        // 接收
        int len = read(fd, sendBuf, sizeof(sendBuf));
        if(len == -1) {
            perror("read");
            return -1;
        }else if(len > 0) {
            printf("read buf = %s\n", sendBuf);
        } else {
            printf("服务器已经断开连接...\n");
            break;
        }
    }

    close(fd);

    return 0;
}

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// server

#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {

    // 创建socket
    int lfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);

    if(lfd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        return -1;
    }

    struct sockaddr_in saddr;
    saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    saddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
    saddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    
    //int optval = 1;
    //setsockopt(lfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &optval, sizeof(optval));

    int optval = 1;
    setsockopt(lfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEPORT, &optval, sizeof(optval));

    // 绑定
    int ret = bind(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));
    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("bind");
        return -1;
    }

    // 监听
    ret = listen(lfd, 8);
    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("listen");
        return -1;
    }

    // 接收客户端连接
    struct sockaddr_in cliaddr;
    socklen_t len = sizeof(cliaddr);
    int cfd = accept(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&cliaddr, &len);
    if(cfd == -1) {
        perror("accpet");
        return -1;
    }

    // 获取客户端信息
    char cliIp[16];
    inet_ntop(AF_INET, &cliaddr.sin_addr.s_addr, cliIp, sizeof(cliIp));
    unsigned short cliPort = ntohs(cliaddr.sin_port);

    // 输出客户端的信息
    printf("client's ip is %s, and port is %d\n", cliIp, cliPort );

    // 接收客户端发来的数据
    char recvBuf[1024] = {0};
    while(1) {
        int len = recv(cfd, recvBuf, sizeof(recvBuf), 0);
        if(len == -1) {
            perror("recv");
            return -1;
        } else if(len == 0) {
            printf("客户端已经断开连接...\n");
            break;
        } else if(len > 0) {
            printf("read buf = %s\n", recvBuf);
        }

        // 小写转大写
        for(int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
            recvBuf[i] = toupper(recvBuf[i]);
        }

        printf("after buf = %s\n", recvBuf);

        // 大写字符串发给客户端
        ret = send(cfd, recvBuf, strlen(recvBuf) + 1, 0);
        if(ret == -1) {
            perror("send");
            return -1;
        }
    }
    
    close(cfd);
    close(lfd);

    return 0;
}

3 IO多路复用

3.1 IO多路复用图解

3.2 select

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// server

#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/select.h>

int main() {

    // 创建socket
    int lfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;
    saddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    saddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;

    // 绑定
    bind(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));

    // 监听
    listen(lfd, 8);

    // 创建一个fd_set的集合，存放的是需要检测的文件描述符
    fd_set rdset, tmp;
    FD_ZERO(&rdset);
    FD_SET(lfd, &rdset);
    int maxfd = lfd;

    while(1) {

        tmp = rdset;

        // 调用select系统函数，让内核帮检测哪些文件描述符有数据
        int ret = select(maxfd + 1, &tmp, NULL, NULL, NULL);
        if(ret == -1) {
            perror("select");
            exit(-1);
        } else if(ret == 0) {
            continue;
        } else if(ret > 0) {
            // 说明检测到了有文件描述符的对应的缓冲区的数据发生了改变
            if(FD_ISSET(lfd, &tmp)) {
                // 表示有新的客户端连接进来了
                struct sockaddr_in cliaddr;
                int len = sizeof(cliaddr);
                int cfd = accept(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&cliaddr, &len);

                // 将新的文件描述符加入到集合中
                FD_SET(cfd, &rdset);

                // 更新最大的文件描述符
                maxfd = maxfd > cfd ? maxfd : cfd;
            }

            for(int i = lfd + 1; i <= maxfd; i++) {
                if(FD_ISSET(i, &tmp)) {
                    // 说明这个文件描述符对应的客户端发来了数据
                    char buf[1024] = {0};
                    int len = read(i, buf, sizeof(buf));
                    if(len == -1) {
                        perror("read");
                        exit(-1);
                    } else if(len == 0) {
                        printf("client closed...\n");
                        close(i);
                        FD_CLR(i, &rdset);
                    } else if(len > 0) {
                        printf("read buf = %s\n", buf);
                        write(i, buf, strlen(buf) + 1);
                    }
                }
            }

        }

    }
    close(lfd);
    return 0;
}
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// client

#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>

int main() {

    // 创建socket
    int fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if(fd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        return -1;
    }

    struct sockaddr_in seraddr;
    inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &seraddr.sin_addr.s_addr);
    seraddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    seraddr.sin_port = htons(9999);

    // 连接服务器
    int ret = connect(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&seraddr, sizeof(seraddr));

    if(ret == -1){
        perror("connect");
        return -1;
    }

    int num = 0;
    while(1) {
        char sendBuf[1024] = {0};
        sprintf(sendBuf, "send data %d", num++);
        write(fd, sendBuf, strlen(sendBuf) + 1);

        // 接收
        int len = read(fd, sendBuf, sizeof(sendBuf));
        if(len == -1) {
            perror("read");
            return -1;
        }else if(len > 0) {
            printf("read buf = %s\n", sendBuf);
        } else {
            printf("服务器已经断开连接...\n");
            break;
        }
        // sleep(1);
        usleep(1000);
    }

    close(fd);

    return 0;
}

3.3 poll

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//cli

#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>

int main() {

    // 创建socket
    int fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if(fd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        return -1;
    }

    struct sockaddr_in seraddr;
    inet_pton(AF_INET, "127.0.0.1", &seraddr.sin_addr.s_addr);
    seraddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    seraddr.sin_port = htons(9999);

    // 连接服务器
    int ret = connect(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&seraddr, sizeof(seraddr));

    if(ret == -1){
        perror("connect");
        return -1;
    }

    int num = 0;
    while(1) {
        char sendBuf[1024] = {0};
        sprintf(sendBuf, "send data %d", num++);
        write(fd, sendBuf, strlen(sendBuf) + 1);

        // 接收
        int len = read(fd, sendBuf, sizeof(sendBuf));
        if(len == -1) {
            perror("read");
            return -1;
        }else if(len > 0) {
            printf("read buf = %s\n", sendBuf);
        } else {
            printf("服务器已经断开连接...\n");
            break;
        }
        // sleep(1);
        usleep(1000);
    }

    close(fd);

    return 0;
}

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// server

#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <poll.h>


int main() {

    // 创建socket
    int lfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;
    saddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    saddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;

    // 绑定
    bind(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));

    // 监听
    listen(lfd, 8);

    // 初始化检测的文件描述符数组
    struct pollfd fds[1024];
    for(int i = 0; i < 1024; i++) {
        fds[i].fd = -1;
        fds[i].events = POLLIN;
    }
    fds[0].fd = lfd;
    int nfds = 0;

    while(1) {

        // 调用poll系统函数，让内核帮检测哪些文件描述符有数据
        int ret = poll(fds, nfds + 1, -1);
        if(ret == -1) {
            perror("poll");
            exit(-1);
        } else if(ret == 0) {
            continue;
        } else if(ret > 0) {
            // 说明检测到了有文件描述符的对应的缓冲区的数据发生了改变
            if(fds[0].revents & POLLIN) {
                // 表示有新的客户端连接进来了
                struct sockaddr_in cliaddr;
                int len = sizeof(cliaddr);
                int cfd = accept(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&cliaddr, &len);

                // 将新的文件描述符加入到集合中
                for(int i = 1; i < 1024; i++) {
                    if(fds[i].fd == -1) {
                        fds[i].fd = cfd;
                        fds[i].events = POLLIN;
                        break;
                    }
                }

                // 更新最大的文件描述符的索引
                nfds = nfds > cfd ? nfds : cfd;
            }

            for(int i = 1; i <= nfds; i++) {
                if(fds[i].revents & POLLIN) {
                    // 说明这个文件描述符对应的客户端发来了数据
                    char buf[1024] = {0};
                    int len = read(fds[i].fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
                    if(len == -1) {
                        perror("read");
                        exit(-1);
                    } else if(len == 0) {
                        printf("client closed...\n");
                        close(fds[i].fd);
                        fds[i].fd = -1;
                    } else if(len > 0) {
                        printf("read buf = %s\n", buf);
                        write(fds[i].fd, buf, strlen(buf) + 1);
                    }
                }
            }

        }

    }
    close(lfd);
    return 0;
}


3.4 epoll

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#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/epoll.h>

int main() {

    // 创建socket
    int lfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;
    saddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    saddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;

    // 绑定
    bind(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));

    // 监听
    listen(lfd, 8);

    // 调用epoll_create()创建一个epoll实例
    int epfd = epoll_create(100);

    // 将监听的文件描述符相关的检测信息添加到epoll实例中
    struct epoll_event epev;
    epev.events = EPOLLIN;
    epev.data.fd = lfd;
    epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, lfd, &epev);

    struct epoll_event epevs[1024];

    while(1) {

        int ret = epoll_wait(epfd, epevs, 1024, -1);
        if(ret == -1) {
            perror("epoll_wait");
            exit(-1);
        }

        printf("ret = %d\n", ret);

        for(int i = 0; i < ret; i++) {

            int curfd = epevs[i].data.fd;

            if(curfd == lfd) {
                // 监听的文件描述符有数据达到，有客户端连接
                struct sockaddr_in cliaddr;
                int len = sizeof(cliaddr);
                int cfd = accept(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&cliaddr, &len);

                epev.events = EPOLLIN;
                epev.data.fd = cfd;
                epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, cfd, &epev);
            } else {
                if(epevs[i].events & EPOLLOUT) {
                    continue;
                }   
                // 有数据到达，需要通信
                char buf[1024] = {0};
                int len = read(curfd, buf, sizeof(buf));
                if(len == -1) {
                    perror("read");
                    exit(-1);
                } else if(len == 0) {
                    printf("client closed...\n");
                    epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, curfd, NULL);
                    close(curfd);
                } else if(len > 0) {
                    printf("read buf = %s\n", buf);
                    write(curfd, buf, strlen(buf) + 1);
                }

            }

        }
    }

    close(lfd);
    close(epfd);
    return 0;
}

3.5 epoll两种工作模式

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// epoll_et.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/epoll.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <errno.h>

int main() {

    // 创建socket
    int lfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;
    saddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    saddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;

    // 绑定
    bind(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));

    // 监听
    listen(lfd, 8);

    // 调用epoll_create()创建一个epoll实例
    int epfd = epoll_create(100);

    // 将监听的文件描述符相关的检测信息添加到epoll实例中
    struct epoll_event epev;
    epev.events = EPOLLIN;
    epev.data.fd = lfd;
    epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, lfd, &epev);

    struct epoll_event epevs[1024];

    while(1) {

        int ret = epoll_wait(epfd, epevs, 1024, -1);
        if(ret == -1) {
            perror("epoll_wait");
            exit(-1);
        }

        printf("ret = %d\n", ret);

        for(int i = 0; i < ret; i++) {

            int curfd = epevs[i].data.fd;

            if(curfd == lfd) {
                // 监听的文件描述符有数据达到，有客户端连接
                struct sockaddr_in cliaddr;
                int len = sizeof(cliaddr);
                int cfd = accept(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&cliaddr, &len);

                // 设置cfd属性非阻塞
                int flag = fcntl(cfd, F_GETFL);
                flag | O_NONBLOCK;
                fcntl(cfd, F_SETFL, flag);

                epev.events = EPOLLIN | EPOLLET;    // 设置边沿触发
                epev.data.fd = cfd;
                epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, cfd, &epev);
            } else {
                if(epevs[i].events & EPOLLOUT) {
                    continue;
                }  

                // 循环读取出所有数据
                char buf[5];
                int len = 0;
                while( (len = read(curfd, buf, sizeof(buf))) > 0) {
                    // 打印数据
                    // printf("recv data : %s\n", buf);
                    write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, len);
                    write(curfd, buf, len);
                }
                if(len == 0) {
                    printf("client closed....");
                }else if(len == -1) {
                    if(errno == EAGAIN) {
                        printf("data over.....");
                    }else {
                        perror("read");
                        exit(-1);
                    }
                    
                }

            }

        }
    }

    close(lfd);
    close(epfd);
    return 0;
}
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//epoll_lt.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/epoll.h>

int main() {

    // 创建socket
    int lfd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    struct sockaddr_in saddr;
    saddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    saddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    saddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;

    // 绑定
    bind(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&saddr, sizeof(saddr));

    // 监听
    listen(lfd, 8);

    // 调用epoll_create()创建一个epoll实例
    int epfd = epoll_create(100);

    // 将监听的文件描述符相关的检测信息添加到epoll实例中
    struct epoll_event epev;
    epev.events = EPOLLIN;
    epev.data.fd = lfd;
    epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, lfd, &epev);

    struct epoll_event epevs[1024];

    while(1) {

        int ret = epoll_wait(epfd, epevs, 1024, -1);
        if(ret == -1) {
            perror("epoll_wait");
            exit(-1);
        }

        printf("ret = %d\n", ret);

        for(int i = 0; i < ret; i++) {

            int curfd = epevs[i].data.fd;

            if(curfd == lfd) {
                // 监听的文件描述符有数据达到，有客户端连接
                struct sockaddr_in cliaddr;
                int len = sizeof(cliaddr);
                int cfd = accept(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&cliaddr, &len);

                epev.events = EPOLLIN;
                epev.data.fd = cfd;
                epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, cfd, &epev);
            } else {
                if(epevs[i].events & EPOLLOUT) {
                    continue;
                }   
                // 有数据到达，需要通信
                char buf[5] = {0};
                int len = read(curfd, buf, sizeof(buf));
                if(len == -1) {
                    perror("read");
                    exit(-1);
                } else if(len == 0) {
                    printf("client closed...\n");
                    epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, curfd, NULL);
                    close(curfd);
                } else if(len > 0) {
                    printf("read buf = %s\n", buf);
                    write(curfd, buf, strlen(buf) + 1);
                }

            }

        }
    }

    close(lfd);
    close(epfd);
    return 0;
}

4 UDP通信

4.1 广播

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//client

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

int main() {

    // 1.创建一个通信的socket
    int fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
    if(fd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }   

    struct in_addr in;

    // 2.客户端绑定本地的IP和端口
    struct sockaddr_in addr;
    addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    addr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;

    int ret = bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(addr));
    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("bind");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 3.通信
    while(1) {
        
        char buf[128];
        // 接收数据
        int num = recvfrom(fd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0, NULL, NULL);
        printf("server say : %s\n", buf);

    }

    close(fd);
    return 0;
}
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// server

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

int main() {

    // 1.创建一个通信的socket
    int fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
    if(fd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }   

    // 2.设置广播属性
    int op = 1;
    setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BROADCAST, &op, sizeof(op));
    
    // 3.创建一个广播的地址
    struct sockaddr_in cliaddr;
    cliaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    cliaddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    inet_pton(AF_INET, "192.168.193.255", &cliaddr.sin_addr.s_addr);

    // 3.通信
    int num = 0;
    while(1) {
       
        char sendBuf[128];
        sprintf(sendBuf, "hello, client....%d\n", num++);
        // 发送数据
        sendto(fd, sendBuf, strlen(sendBuf) + 1, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&cliaddr, sizeof(cliaddr));
        printf("广播的数据：%s\n", sendBuf);
        sleep(1);
    }

    close(fd);
    return 0;
}

4.2 组播

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// cli

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

int main() {

    // 1.创建一个通信的socket
    int fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
    if(fd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }   

    struct in_addr in;
    // 2.客户端绑定本地的IP和端口
    struct sockaddr_in addr;
    addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    addr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;

    int ret = bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(addr));
    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("bind");
        exit(-1);
    }

    struct ip_mreq op;
    inet_pton(AF_INET, "239.0.0.10", &op.imr_multiaddr.s_addr);
    op.imr_interface.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;

    // 加入到多播组
    setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, &op, sizeof(op));

    // 3.通信
    while(1) {
        
        char buf[128];
        // 接收数据
        int num = recvfrom(fd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0, NULL, NULL);
        printf("server say : %s\n", buf);

    }

    close(fd);
    return 0;
}
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//server

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

int main() {

    // 1.创建一个通信的socket
    int fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
    if(fd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }   

    // 2.设置多播的属性，设置外出接口
    struct in_addr imr_multiaddr;
    // 初始化多播地址
    inet_pton(AF_INET, "239.0.0.10", &imr_multiaddr.s_addr);
    setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_IF, &imr_multiaddr, sizeof(imr_multiaddr));
    
    // 3.初始化客户端的地址信息
    struct sockaddr_in cliaddr;
    cliaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
    cliaddr.sin_port = htons(9999);
    inet_pton(AF_INET, "239.0.0.10", &cliaddr.sin_addr.s_addr);

    // 3.通信
    int num = 0;
    while(1) {
       
        char sendBuf[128];
        sprintf(sendBuf, "hello, client....%d\n", num++);
        // 发送数据
        sendto(fd, sendBuf, strlen(sendBuf) + 1, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&cliaddr, sizeof(cliaddr));
        printf("组播的数据：%s\n", sendBuf);
        sleep(1);
    }

    close(fd);
    return 0;
}

4.3 本地套接字通信

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// cli

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <sys/un.h>

int main() {

    unlink("client.sock");

    // 1.创建套接字
    int cfd = socket(AF_LOCAL, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if(cfd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 2.绑定本地套接字文件
    struct sockaddr_un addr;
    addr.sun_family = AF_LOCAL;
    strcpy(addr.sun_path, "client.sock");
    int ret = bind(cfd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(addr));
    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("bind");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 3.连接服务器
    struct sockaddr_un seraddr;
    seraddr.sun_family = AF_LOCAL;
    strcpy(seraddr.sun_path, "server.sock");
    ret = connect(cfd, (struct sockaddr *)&seraddr, sizeof(seraddr));
    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("connect");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 4.通信
    int num = 0;
    while(1) {

        // 发送数据
        char buf[128];
        sprintf(buf, "hello, i am client %d\n", num++);
        send(cfd, buf, strlen(buf) + 1, 0);
        printf("client say : %s\n", buf);

        // 接收数据
        int len = recv(cfd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);

        if(len == -1) {
            perror("recv");
            exit(-1);
        } else if(len == 0) {
            printf("server closed....\n");
            break;
        } else if(len > 0) {
            printf("server say : %s\n", buf);
        }

        sleep(1);

    }

    close(cfd);
    return 0;
}
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// server

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <sys/un.h>

int main() {

    unlink("server.sock");

    // 1.创建监听的套接字
    int lfd = socket(AF_LOCAL, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if(lfd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 2.绑定本地套接字文件
    struct sockaddr_un addr;
    addr.sun_family = AF_LOCAL;
    strcpy(addr.sun_path, "server.sock");
    int ret = bind(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&addr, sizeof(addr));
    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("bind");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 3.监听
    ret = listen(lfd, 100);
    if(ret == -1) {
        perror("listen");
        exit(-1);
    }

    // 4.等待客户端连接
    struct sockaddr_un cliaddr;
    int len = sizeof(cliaddr);
    int cfd = accept(lfd, (struct sockaddr *)&cliaddr, &len);
    if(cfd == -1) {
        perror("accept");
        exit(-1);
    }

    printf("client socket filename: %s\n", cliaddr.sun_path);

    // 5.通信
    while(1) {

        char buf[128];
        int len = recv(cfd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);

        if(len == -1) {
            perror("recv");
            exit(-1);
        } else if(len == 0) {
            printf("client closed....\n");
            break;
        } else if(len > 0) {
            printf("client say : %s\n", buf);
            send(cfd, buf, len, 0);
        }

    }

    close(cfd);
    close(lfd);

    return 0;
}